All About Auditorium Design: Architecture, Acoustics, Technology, and Furniture.

How to Design a Perfect Auditorium for Your Events

Have you ever wondered what makes an auditorium an ideal place for hosting events like concerts, conferences, exhibitions, and more? An auditorium is not just a space with chairs and a stage; it’s the result of careful and professional design that considers various technical, aesthetic, and functional aspects.

Having a well-designed and equipped auditorium has many benefits, both for event organizers and attendees. A good auditorium can:

• Improve the experience and satisfaction of the audience
• Enhance the quality and impact of the presentations
• Boost the reputation and brand image of the organization or institution
• Generate more revenue and profitability

In this article, we will introduce you to the most important aspects to consider in the design of auditoriums, from the components that make them up to the audio, lighting, and furniture systems that should be installed. Additionally, we will explain the differences between an auditorium and a theater, as although both are performance spaces, they have different characteristics and requirements depending on the type of event to be held.

Difference between an Auditorium and a Theater

Both an auditorium and a theater are spaces designed to host presentations and events in front of an audience. Although they are often used interchangeably in certain contexts, they have specific differences in their design and purpose.
Main differences:

1. Purpose:
   • Auditorium: Primarily designed to host conferences, speeches, seminars, and presentations. Focuses on voice acoustics and, sometimes, on musical performances.
   • Theater: Specifically designed for artistic performances such as plays, ballets, operas, and other stage shows. Generally, it has a stage with a curtain and rigging.
2. Design:
   • Auditorium: Focused on good visibility from all angles and excellent acoustics. May or may not have a prominent stage.
   • Theater: Features a main stage and often has areas for dressing rooms and backstage for the artists. May also include elements like trapdoors, curtains, and specific set designs.
3. Acoustics:
   • Auditorium: Designed so the speaker’s voice can be clearly and widely heard throughout the space, often with the help of sound systems.
   • Theater: Acoustics are designed for both voice and music, allowing performances to be audible from any point in the venue.
4. Furniture:
   • Auditorium: Usually has chairs aligned in rows, sometimes with tables or writing surfaces for taking notes.
   • Theater: Chairs are oriented towards the stage, organized in sections and levels to ensure good visibility.

Both spaces are essential for the dissemination of culture and knowledge, but each has unique features and functionalities making them suitable for different types of events.

Parts of an Auditorium

An auditorium can be divided into four main parts: the stage, the backstage, the seating area or auditorium, and the pit. Additionally, some auditoriums also have side or upper boxes for special guests or authorities. Let’s look at each of these parts in more detail:

Stage

The stage is the main element where the event takes place. It must have the right dimensions, shape, and height for the type of activity being held. For instance, a concert requires a larger and deeper stage than a conference. The stage should also have good lighting, sound, and decoration to create the desired atmosphere.

Backstage

The backstage, also known as the wings or behind-the-scenes, is an essential area located behind the stage. This is where speakers, artists, and the technical team gather, prepare, and coordinate before and during the event. Besides being a space for preparation, it is crucial that it has a design that facilitates logistics and provides comfort to all professionals working backstage.
Although the backstage is a more common and prominent feature in theaters, given the nature of theatrical productions and the need for quick scene changes, it is not always present in auditoriums to the same extent or complexity. However, many auditoriums, especially those hosting large-scale events, often have a space, albeit smaller, that performs the essential functions of a backstage.

It is imperative that the backstage has smooth communication with the stage to ensure smooth and effective transitions. Additionally, for safety reasons, it must have direct access to emergency exits, ensuring quick evacuation if necessary.

Seating Area

Geometry of the seats. (a) Straight rows. (b) Straight rows, with side blocks of inclined seats focused towards the stage/platform: blocks of seats defined by aisles. (c) Curved rows: rows focused towards the stage/platform. (d) Angular rows: straight sections in each row, inclined and focused towards the stage/platform. (e) Angular rows like (d) with a curve at the change of direction. (f) Different blocks of seats focused towards the stage/platform. (g) Straight inclined rows focused towards the stage/platform with blocks of seats and aisles located at the change of direction. (h) Starting point for seat rows coincides with the center of the performance area: this coincidence in starting points tends to be a feature of open stage designs.
(i) Starting point for rows of seating distinct from the geometry of the performance area and extreme side sightlines: this arrangement tends to be a feature of proscenium formats. (j) Proscenium/end-stage formats: geometry of the various levels in an auditorium to have the same starting point for rows of seating. (k) Proscenium/end-stage formats: different starting points for rows of seating depending on the level within the auditorium. Taken from: Building for the performing arts.

The orchestra, or seating area, is the vital space within an auditorium or theater, intended to accommodate the audience. Here, factors such as visibility, comfort, and accessibility are paramount. One of the most important concepts in its design is sightlines, which refers to the quality of vision from any point in the seating area towards the stage. Optimal design will ensure that all spectators have a clear and unobstructed view of what is happening on the stage.

Depending on the purpose of the venue, the orchestra can have various configurations. For example, some orchestras are designed in a fan shape, which allows for greater closeness and a wide view from any angle between the audience and the stage. On the other hand, a horseshoe configuration may prioritize aspects such as acoustics and create a more intimate atmosphere for the audience.

In the case of some modern and versatile auditoriums, there are foldable tables or mobile seating systems. These features allow the space to adapt to different types of events, from lectures and talks to banquets or fairs, providing the possibility to change the configuration according to the specific needs of each event.

Architectural Design of the Auditorium

Architectural design is the process that defines the shape, structure, and function of the auditorium. The following aspects should be considered for good architectural design:

Study the context and program of the auditorium

The context and program of the auditorium are the factors that determine the characteristics and requirements of the space. Context refers to the location, orientation, climate, environment, and regulations of the place where the auditorium will be built. The program refers to the type of events, target audience, capacity, schedule, and budget to be handled. These factors influence architectural design and should be analyzed in detail before starting the project.

Define the concept and shape of the auditorium

The concept and shape of the auditorium are the elements that express the identity, function, and aesthetics of the space. The concept is the idea or message to be conveyed through the design and may be inspired by a theme, story, emotion, or metaphor. The shape is the physical manifestation of the concept, and can be geometric, organic, abstract, or symbolic. The concept and shape must be in harmony with the context and program of the auditorium.

Apply the Principles of Sightlines

Sightlines is the science that studies the visual conditions of a performance space. Applying the principles of sightlines means ensuring that all viewers have a good view of the stage without obstructions or distortions. To do this, aspects such as distance, angle, height, and inclination of the seats, as well as the curvature and elevation of the stage, must be considered.

Consider Structural, Construction, and Safety Aspects

Structural, construction, and safety aspects are those that ensure the stability, strength, and protection of the auditorium. These aspects include the foundation, materials, installations, emergency exits, and compliance with current regulations. These aspects should be designed by qualified and certified professionals to guarantee the quality and safety of the project.

Acoustic Design of the Auditorium

Acoustic design is the process that defines the sound characteristics of the auditorium. A good acoustic design should achieve a balance between absorption, reflection, and diffusion of sound to create an appropriate atmosphere for each event. The following aspects should be considered for good acoustic design:

Evaluate the Acoustic Characteristics of the Auditorium

The acoustic characteristics of the auditorium are the parameters that describe the behavior of sound in the space. Some of these parameters are:

• Reverberation Time: This is the time it takes for the sound level to decrease after the sound source has ceased. A short reverberation time enhances the intelligibility of words, while a long reverberation time enhances the musicality of the notes.
• Noise Level: This is the level of undesired sound coming from external or internal sources to the auditorium. A high noise level hampers the perception of the desired sound and reduces acoustic quality.
• Intelligibility: This is the ability to understand the words spoken by a speaker or singer. Good intelligibility depends on factors such as noise level, reverberation time, and sound distribution.

These parameters can be measured with specialized instruments or with computer programs that simulate the acoustic behavior of the space.

Select Appropriate Acoustic Materials and Elements

Project Auditorium Carlos Corredor Universidad Simón Bolívar. (During the acoustic intervention)

Materials and acoustic elements are those that modify the properties of sound based on their nature and arrangement. Some examples of materials and acoustic elements are:

• Absorbent materials: these reduce the sound level by converting it into heat or motion. Some examples of absorbent materials are mineral wool (among the most well-known are frescasa and black theater), cork, foam, or cotton. These materials are usually placed on walls, ceilings, or floors to decrease reverberation time and noise levels.
• Reflective materials: these increase the sound level by reflecting it in the same direction. Some examples of reflective materials are metal, glass, wood, or concrete. These materials are typically placed on curved or inclined surfaces to improve sound distribution and intelligibility.
• Diffusive materials: these scatter the sound level by reflecting it in various directions. Some examples of diffusive materials are grilles, lattices, perforated panels, or reliefs. These materials are typically placed on flat or irregular surfaces to create a sense of spaciousness and uniform sound.

Designing the Audio System

Line Array Speakers by Renkus-Heinz in the Universidad del Atlántico Theater Project

The audio system is the set of electronic devices that capture, process, and reproduce sound in the auditorium. A good audio system should be able to amplify and equalize the sound without distorting it or interfering with the natural acoustics of the space. The audio system is composed of the following components:

• Speakers: these are devices that convert the electrical signal into sound waves. Speakers can be classified by their size and frequency into bass, midrange, and treble. Speakers should be placed in strategic locations to cover the entire auditorium without creating dead zones or echoes.
• Microphones: these are devices that capture sound and convert it into an electrical signal. Microphones can be classified by their shape and direction into omnidirectional, unidirectional, or bidirectional. Microphones should be selected based on the type and source of sound to be captured.
• Amplifiers: these are devices that increase the power and quality of the electrical signal. Amplifiers should be sized according to the capacity and acoustics of the auditorium.
• Mixers: these are devices that combine several electrical signals into one. Mixers allow for adjusting the parameters of each signal such as volume, tone, balance, or effects.
• Cables and connectors: these are elements that transmit the electrical signal between different components of the sound system. Cables and connectors should be of good quality and properly installed to avoid noise or interference.

Key Considerations for Designing an Audio System:

• Type of Event: The main determining factor is the type of event to be held, as this will significantly influence the budget. Designing an audio system for lectures is not the same as for musical performances or orchestral acts.
• Acoustic Response: It is essential to evaluate how the speakers will interact with the architecture of the space. In highly reverberant spaces, higher-performing speakers will be required to ensure clear sound.
• System Operation: It is crucial to decide whether the space will have trained operators or if a more autonomous operation is sought. For independent management, the design will prioritize digital components and automated controls, reducing operational costs, although it may influence the scope of the solution.

Adjusting Sound Parameters

Sound parameters are the properties that modify the character and perception of sound. Some examples of sound parameters are:

• Equalization: is the process of altering the relative intensity of each frequency in the sound spectrum. Equalization allows for enhancing or diminishing certain tones to improve sound clarity or warmth.
• Compression: is the process of reducing the difference between maximum and minimum levels of an electrical signal. Compression allows for controlling dynamics and preventing abrupt volume peaks or drops.
• Reverberation: is the process of adding artificial echoes to an electrical signal. Reverberation creates a sense of spaciousness and depth of sound. An example of a reverberation effect is that produced when singing in a cathedral or a cave.

Conducting Sound Checks

Sound checks are performed before each event to verify the functioning and quality of the sound system. Sound checks include:

• Ensuring that all components of the sound system are connected and turned on correctly
• Adjusting volume and equalization levels for each sound source
• Correcting possible issues or defects such as noise, feedback, or distortions
• Evaluating the quality and uniformity of sound throughout the auditorium

Video Design in Auditoriums and Theaters

The rise of technology has revolutionized the way we present and absorb visual content. However, when introducing video solutions in specialized environments like auditoriums and theaters, unique challenges arise. In these spaces, visibility, sharpness, and continuity of the projected content are of utmost importance. Common issues in these situations include:

• Shadows and Obstructions: The interaction of presenters or actors with projections can cause unwanted shadows, distorting the view of the content.
• Distance and Quality: In large rooms, maintaining video quality despite the long distances between sources and projectors can be a challenge.
• Uniform Visibility: Ensuring that the audience in different locations has a clear and sharp view of the content can be complicated, especially in places with diverse seating configurations.
• Handling Multiple Signals: In more elaborate events, the need to switch between different video sources or to send a signal to multiple destinations can present logistical issues.

With these challenges in mind, it is essential to address three crucial aspects of video design to ensure a seamless visual experience for the audience.

• Projectors and Screens:
  • High-Brightness Ultra-Short Throw Projectors: These projectors are ideal for spaces where the distance between the projector and the screen is limited, but a large, clear image is needed. Their ability to project bright and clear images at a short distance makes them an excellent choice for auditoriums and theaters, as they minimize the shadows that presenters or actors can create.
  • Large Screens: For auditoriums and theaters, it is recommended to use large projection screens or curtains, generally larger than 180 inches. These large screens ensure that even the farthest audience has a clear view of the projected content.
• Video Connection and Extension:
  • HD-BaseT Video Extenders: In situations where the video source is significantly far from the projector or screen, it is essential to use HD-BaseT video extenders. These devices allow the transmission of high-definition signals over long distances without loss of quality, using CAT5e/6/7 cables. They are a reliable and efficient solution, preventing jumps or loss of image.
• Monitor Boosters and Signal Distribution:
  • • Reinforcement Monitors: These monitors are used to provide a visual reference for presenters or performers on stage, allowing them to see the projected content without having to turn towards the main screen. They facilitate smooth and continuous interaction with the audience.
    • Video Matrices and Splitters: When multiple video outputs are needed, either for additional projectors, reinforcement monitors, or live streams, it is essential to consider the use of video matrices or splitters. These devices allow for the distribution and management of video signals to different destinations, while maintaining signal integrity and quality.

Lighting Design in Auditoriums

Auditorium and theater lighting

The lighting design is the process that defines the lighting features of the auditorium. Good lighting should create an appropriate atmosphere for each event, highlight scenic elements, and facilitate audience visibility. To achieve a good lighting design, consider the following aspects:

Define the types and functions of lighting

Lighting can be classified by its type and function into:

• General lighting: provides uniform and adequate light for the entire auditorium. Its function is to allow visibility and safety for the audience and staff.
• Ambient lighting: is the lighting that creates a specific mood or atmosphere for each event. Its function is to convey an emotion or a message to the audience.
• Decorative lighting: highlights or embellishes certain architectural or scenic elements. Its function is to add aesthetic or symbolic value to the space.
• Stage lighting: focuses on the stage and the actors or speakers. Its function is to highlight the action and the content of the event.

Design the auditorium lighting system

The lighting system is the set of electrical devices that generate, control, and modify light in the auditorium. The lighting system should have the following components:

• Luminaires: are the devices that emit light. Luminaires can be classified by their source into incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, LED, or laser. Luminaires can also be classified by their shape into spotlights, projectors, bars, or strips.
• Spotlights: are the luminaires that emit a focused and directed light. Spotlights can be classified by their angle into spot (narrow), flood (wide), or wash (diffuse). Spotlights can also be classified by their movement into fixed or mobile.
• Projectors: are the luminaires that emit a wide and uniform light. Projectors can be classified by their shape into rectangular, circular, or elliptical. Projectors can also be classified by their content into white or with images (gobos).
• Dimmers: are devices that regulate the intensity of the light. Dimmers allow creating transition, contrast, or shade effects with light.
• Controllers: are devices that program and execute light sequences and changes. Controllers can be manual or automated, and can be integrated into a console or a computer.

Create the desired lighting effects

Lighting effects are properties that modify the character and perception of light. Some examples of lighting effects are:

• • Color: defines the hue or temperature of the light. Color can be modified with filters, gels, or LEDs. Color can create different sensations or meanings with light, such as red can symbolize passion, danger, or warmth, while blue can symbolize tranquility, cold, or sadness.
  • Intensity: defines the brightness or darkness of the light. Intensity can be modified with dimmers, shutters, or shades. Intensity can create different lighting effects, such as chiaroscuro can highlight volume and contrast, while fade can soften and unify.
  • Direction: defines the angle or position of the light. Direction can be modified with mounts, arms, or rails. Direction can create different lighting effects, such as backlighting can silhouette and hide, while overhead can dramatize and focus.
    • Movement: is the property that defines the change or variation in light. Movement can be modified with motors, sensors, or timers. Movement can create different lighting effects, such as flickering can grab attention and animate, while sweeping can follow and accompany.

Control of Auditoriums

Control Server Crestron

Auditorium control is the process of incorporating intelligent systems and electronic devices that allow remote and automated management of different elements and functions in the auditorium. Control of auditoriums can offer the following benefits:

• • • Improve the efficiency and productivity of events
    • Reduce costs and energy consumption
    • Increase safety and comfort for users
    • Facilitate maintenance and updating of equipment

To carry out auditorium control, the following aspects must be considered:

Design the control system of the auditorium

The control system is the set of electronic devices that communicate with each other to execute programmed actions or received orders. The control system should have the following components:

• • • Sensors: are devices that detect environmental conditions or changes, such as temperature, humidity, movement, or sound. Sensors send the information to the controller for corresponding action.
    • Controller: is the device that receives the information from the sensors and the user’s commands, and sends signals to the actuators to carry out the corresponding actions. The controller can be a console, a computer, or a mobile device.
    • Actuators: are devices that carry out actions on the elements of the auditorium, such as turning lights on or off, raising or lowering the volume, opening or closing the shades, etc. Actuators can be motors, switches, relays, or valves.

Program the scenes and schedules

Scenes and schedules are preset configurations that can be activated with a single button or automatically depending on the time or event. Some examples of scenes and schedules are:

• • • Welcome scene: is activated at the beginning of the event and involves turning on the general lights, playing background music, and displaying a message on the screen.
    • Presentation scene: is activated at the start of the presentation and involves turning off the general lights, focusing on the stage with a spotlight, and activating the speaker’s microphone.
    • Pause scene: is activated during a break and involves turning on ambient lights, playing relaxing music, and displaying a timer on the screen.
    • Opening schedule: is activated at a specific time and involves turning on the exterior lights, unlocking the doors, and activating the security system.
    • Closing schedule: is activated at a specific time and involves turning off all lights, locking the doors, and activating the alarm system.

Integrate Existing Systems

Existing systems are those already installed in the auditorium that can be integrated with the control system to improve their operation and management. Some examples of existing systems are:

• • • Audio System: is responsible for reproducing sound in the auditorium. It can be integrated with the control system to adjust the volume, equalization, or effects according to the scene or schedule.
    • Lighting System: is responsible for generating light in the auditorium. It can be integrated with the control system to regulate intensity, color, or direction according to the scene or schedule.
    • Climate Control System: is responsible for maintaining the appropriate temperature and humidity in the auditorium. It can be integrated with the control system to program temperature, speed, or mode according to the scene or schedule.

As you can see, auditorium control is an innovative and effective solution for creating intelligent and customized stage spaces. At Schallertech, we are experts in integrating AV (Audiovisual) technologies, architectural lighting, control, and acoustics to create intelligent and customized stage spaces.

We have a team of qualified and certified professionals who will advise and accompany you throughout the design and installation process of your controlled auditorium.

Furniture Design in Auditoriums

Mutis Auditorium Project at Universidad del Rosario

Furniture design is the process that defines the elements used to accommodate and facilitate the activities of the auditorium users. Good furniture should be comfortable, ergonomic, and durable to ensure the well-being and safety of attendees and speakers. To achieve good furniture design, the following aspects must be considered:

Select Chairs for the Audience

The chairs for the audience are the elements used for seating and watching the event. Chairs for the audience must be:

• • • Comfortable: must have a suitable size, shape, and padding to adapt to the body and avoid discomfort or pain.
    • Ergonomic: must have a backrest, seat, and arms that promote a correct and healthy posture.
    • Durable: must have a structure, material, and finish that can withstand use and wear without deteriorating or breaking.

Integrate Existing Systems

Existing systems are those already installed in the auditorium and can be integrated with the control system to improve their operation and control. Some examples of existing systems are:

• • • Audio System: is responsible for playing sound in the auditorium. It can be integrated with the control system to adjust volume, equalization, or effects based on the scene or schedule.
    • Lighting System: is responsible for generating light in the auditorium. It can be integrated with the control system to regulate intensity, color, or direction based on the scene or schedule.
    • Climate Control System: is responsible for maintaining appropriate temperature and humidity in the auditorium. It can be integrated with the control system to program temperature, speed, or mode based on the scene or schedule.

As you can see, auditorium control is an innovative and effective solution for creating intelligent and personalized performance spaces. At Schallertech, we specialize in integrating AV (Audiovisual) technologies, architectural lighting, control, and acoustics to create intelligent and personalized performance spaces.

We have a team of qualified and certified professionals who will advise and accompany you throughout the design and installation process of your controlled auditorium.

Auditorium Furniture Design

Mutis Auditorium Project at Rosario University

Furniture design is the process that defines the elements used to accommodate and facilitate the activities of auditorium users. Good furniture should be comfortable, ergonomic, and durable to ensure the well-being and safety of attendees and speakers. The following aspects should be considered for good furniture design:

Selecting Chairs for the Audience

Chairs for the audience are the elements used for sitting and watching the event. Chairs for the audience should be:

• • • Comfortable: they should have an appropriate size, shape, and padding to fit the body and prevent discomfort or pain.
    • Ergonomic: they should have a backrest, a seat, and arms that promote correct and healthy posture.
    • Durable: they should have a structure, material, and finish that withstand use and wear without deteriorating or breaking.

Seat density for an auditorium. The plan shows a range from 0.38m2 to 1.05m2.

Choosing Tables for Speakers

Auditorium with foldable tables. Meira del Mar Auditorium at Simón Bolívar University.

Tables for the speakers are the elements used to support and display material and equipment used in presentations. Tables for speakers should be:

• • • Functional: they should have sufficient space, height, and shape to place and handle objects without difficulty or interference.
    • Aesthetic: they should have a design, color, and style consistent with the image and message to be conveyed in the presentation.
    • Adjustable: they should have a regulation or folding system that can adapt to the needs and preferences of each speaker.

Incorporate Other Furniture Elements

Other furniture elements are used to complement or enhance the functions of the auditorium. Some examples of other furniture elements are:

• • • Lecterns: are used to hold and read documents or notes used in presentations. Lecterns should have a stable base, a sloping surface, and adjustable height.
    • Podiums: are used to elevate and highlight speakers or presenters. Podiums should have a firm platform, safe stairs, and a protective railing.
    • Panels: are used to separate or divide the space into smaller or private areas. Panels should have a solid structure, lightweight material, and a fixation or movement system.
    • Shelving: These are elements used for storing and organizing books, documents, or objects that are needed or displayed in the auditorium. The shelves should have adequate capacity, strength, and distribution for each type of material. An example of a type of shelving is modular, which allows for the creation of different shapes and sizes depending on the available space.

Experts in Auditorium Consulting

Auditorium design requires considering various technical, aesthetic, and functional aspects that influence the quality and success of events held in them. If you’re thinking of building or renovating an auditorium for your company, institution, or community, we recommend that you rely on specialized and certified professionals in the design and installation of auditoriums. At Schallertech, we are experts in integrating AV (Audiovisual) technologies, architectural lighting, control, and acoustics to create unique and personalized scenic spaces.

If you want to know more about our services or request personalized advice and a quote, don’t hesitate to contact us. We’ll be delighted to assist you and help you design the perfect auditorium for your events. All you have to do is click on the button below and fill out the form with your details. We look forward to seeing you!